城市有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵处理研究

在适当的PH值和搅拌条件下，研究了反应温度、总固体含量、pH值、碳氮比、碳磷比以及接种物量对有机牛活垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。实验结果表明：有机生活垃圾厌氧消化产沼气的适宜条件是：反应温度50～55℃，总固体含量23％～28％，pH=6．8～7．4，w(C)／w（N)=(20～30)，w(C)／w(P)=50，60％～75％的生物气，可实现能量回收；发酵剩余物可制有机肥，时间为15～20d。接种物量为25％～30％。在厌氧的条件下，可以制取含甲烷实现物质再利用。有机生活垃圾在厌氧消化反应器的停留时间为15～20d。     

多环芳烃在全土及其碱提残余物上的吸附行为

以菲和芘为代表性化合物,采用8种有机质含量不同的天然全土样品及其碱提残余物进行吸附实验,并利用不同吸附模型进行数据拟合,藉以探讨有机质含量对土壤吸附行为的影响.结果表明,Freundlich吸附模型的非线性指数n都小于1,显示全土和碱提残余物在多环芳烃的吸附过程中表现出非线性特征.菲和芘的吸附行为随土壤有机质含量不同而变化,碱提残余物的吸附能力强于全土,两者吸附行为的差异主要归因于土壤有机质含量和性状的区别.     

Incorporation of pesticides by soil micro-organisms as a way of bound residues formation

We studied the ¹⁴C-tagged biochemical compartments such as proteins, lipids and polysaccharides from bacterial and fungal cultures supplied with ¹⁴C-pesticides and ¹⁴C-glucose. We showed that ¹⁴C incorporation depends both on the substrate structure and on the nature of the micro-organism. Both bacterial and fungal cells incorporated glucose ¹⁴C mainly into cell wall proteins. By contrast, glyphosate ¹⁴C was mainly incorporated into cytoplasm carbohydrates by fungi. On the other hand, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ¹⁴C was mainly found in the carbohydrate fractions of the bacteria walls.     

固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中α-六六六,β-六六六,γ-六六六,δ-六六六,硫丹,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,三氯杀螨醇,甲氰菊酯,氯氰菊酯,联苯菊酯,氟氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,溴氰菊酯等16种农药残留量的方法.16种农药的残留组分在25min内能很好分离.标准加入回收率在81.2%-111.9%之间;方法变异系数2.9%-14.9%(0.01-0.1μg·ml-1,n= 6),检出下限在0.08-0.44μg·kg-1之间.     

尾矿利用是矿业环境治理和经济增长的新途径

本文阐述了尾矿的合理开发利用是21世纪矿业治理环境污染和经济增长的新途径，以及尾矿综合利用研究技术路线和研究内容。     

有机氯农药在南京市郊蔬菜中的生物富集与质量安全

用气相色谱．电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定南京市郊蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留．结果表明，12种有机氯农药在所有的供试蔬菜中均有检出，DDT和HCH在各蔬菜中的含量较高，分别占有机氯农药总残留量的49．5％～75．0％和13．9％～28．2％．Wα-HCH／Wγ-HCH和WDDE／WDDT的比值在各蔬菜体内均小于或等于1，说明这些蔬菜生长的环境中可能有新的有机氯污染物的输入．各种蔬菜对有机氯农药总量的富集因子为0．41～0．78．富集能力最大的为胡萝卜，蒜苗和菠菜．HCH类农药在各种蔬菜体内的生物富集因子(0．70～1．10)要高于DDT类(0．28～0．80)．胡萝卜对HCH和DDT等有机氯农药的富集能力较强，而莴苣、蒜苗和菠菜对六氯苯、狄氏剂，异狄氏剂和硫丹有较高的生物富集能力．虽然各种蔬菜体内有机氯农药的残留量低于国家最大残留限量，但其检出率仍为100％，仍然对农产品质量安全和人类健康造成潜在的威胁．关键词：有机氯农药；蔬菜；残留量；生物富集；人类健康     

碱/超声预处理对头孢菌素菌渣破壁效果的影响

为提高头孢菌素菌渣的厌氧消化利用率,采用碱解与超声波破碎联合处理方法对头孢菌素菌渣进行细胞破壁,并通过正交实验和单因素实验研究pH值、含水率、声能密度和反应时间对破壁效果的影响。结果表明,最佳处理条件为:pH值为11.5、含水率为94%、声能密度为2 W/mL、反应时间为30 min,处理后SCOD溶解率为265.26%,总氮溶解率为155.28%,破壁效果明显。     

Sensitive issues in natural resource management and discursive strategies addressing them

In natural resource management facilitation literature, little attention is paid to sensitive issues in multi-stakeholder interaction and learning. This article aims to fill this gap. It discusses the variety of discursive strategies used by stakeholders to address sensitive issues with regard to fishery management in Benin, in three different settings: individual interviews, homogeneous groups' discussions, and a heterogeneous group meeting. Issues that proved sensitive were discussed openly in the interviews or homogeneous groups' discussions, but not at all, or only indirectly, in the heterogeneous group meeting. With indirect discursive strategies, two out of the seven sensitive issues were put on the discussions' agenda. We conclude that the other issues were too sensitive among others because of historically grown interdependency between interventionists and fishers. We suggest that dealing with sensitive issues is an important dimension of the facilitation of interactive learning processes and provide methodological guidelines to detect and address such issues.     

用改进法测定漳州沿海典型海水养殖区的挥发酚

海水中挥发酚制备时，磷酸的添加量对检测结果的准确性会有较大影响。本文通过改进挥发酚的蒸馏方法进行测定，得出比较准确的结果。同时对漳州沿海典型海水养殖区的挥发酚进行了检测。结果显示，各养殖区挥发酚的含量均在0．006～0．013mg／L之间，超过了《海水水质标准》（GB3097—1997）的第二类海水水质标准。     

The degradation of anilazine and dihydroxy‐anilazine at various soil depths of an orthic luvisol

Abstract

In conformity with Guideline 4.1 of the Federal German Biological Agency, degradation experiments with the fungicide active ingredient [benzene ring‐U‐¹⁴C]anilazine and its major metabolite [triazine ring‐U‐¹⁴C]dihydroxy‐anilazine were carried out in an orthic luvisol. Mineralization of the benzene ring carbon of anilazine amounted to less than 2 % in 110 days and that of the triazine ring carbon of dihydroxy‐anilazine to less than 8 %. Increasing the incubation temperature from 22 °C to 30 °C and adding organic substance influenced the mineralization slightly. In soils which received two or three applications in succeeding years with subsequent ageing in the open‐air lysimeter no stimulation of the mineralization was observed. Extractions after incubation showed that only 10.2 to 18.6 % of the ¹⁴C‐activity applied with anilazine was extractable with acetone/CaCl₂. The major proportion was bound in the fractions of the soil organic matter, namely 45.0 to 59.6 % of the radiocarbon applied was accounted for by the humin fraction, 12.0 to 27.4 % by the fulvic acids, and 9.4 to 15.0 % by the humic acids. In the case of dihydroxy‐anilazine, 28.9 to 89.7 % of the applied ¹⁴C‐activity was extractable with acetone/CaCl₂. Of tJhe radiocarbon bound in the soil, the greatest proportion, i.e. 18.5 to 35.5 % of the radiocarbon applied, was accounted for by the fulvic acids.